Cognitivism
The Keller’s ARCS Model of Motivation is part of the
Cognitivist Learning Theory. It was created by John Keller. It’s all about this
idea that students are more prone to learning when they are motivated properly.
In Cognitivism it is believed that the learner is like a computer. This theory
believes that the relationship between stimulus and response isn’t as
straightforward as behaviorists thought it was. Words like, “thinking,”
“imagining,” and “conceptualizing,” are what cognitivists believe learning is
all about (Harasim, 2012).
What is Keller’s ARCS Model of Motivation?
The ARCS model stands for, attention, relevance, confidence,
and satisfaction. These are all about promoting and sustaining motivation in
the learning process.
Attention:
- Perceptual arousal - uses surprise or uncertainty
- Inquiry arousal - poses challenging questions or problems to be solved
- Active participation - games, hands on activities, or role playing.
- Variability - use a variety of tools.
- Humor - be funny to make things more interesting, but not too funny.
- Incongruity and Conflict
- Specific Examples
- Inquiry - ask questions or give problems for students to solve.
Relevance:
- Experience - how the student will use skills they already know.
- Present Worth - how will this help the student today?
- Future Usefulness - how will this help the student tomorrow?
- Needs Matching
- Modeling - "be what you want them to do".
- Choice - give the students choices on how to learn.
Confidence:
- Understand success
- Provide objectives and prerequisites
- Success that is meaningful
- Grow the learners - take small steps.
- Feedback - give the students your feedback as a teacher.
- Learner control - let the students be in control somewhat.
Satisfaction:
- Rewards - praise students.
- Provide opportunities to use knowledge
- Feedback and Reinforcement
- Do not over-reward
Applying ARCS Model of Motivation
This model can be applied in the classroom for any lesson plan or project. As an example we will say that the teacher is giving the students a history lesson. The teacher will follow the four steps of Keller's model: Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction. The teacher can start off the lesson with an inquiry arousal, the students can be asked a question to get a discussion started. The students can use a variety of tools, such as, the internet, textbooks, or activity sheets. The next will be relevance. The teacher needs to show the students how this lesson is relevant to the students by explaining why the information is useful to the students today and in the future. Then, the students must feel confident in what they have learned. The teacher can give the students a quiz on the information learned, and feedback from the teacher on how they are doing. Lastly the students need satisfaction. A simple phrase of appraisal from the teacher can allow students to feel satisfied.
The following video is practical use of the ARCS Model, but the example used is for an employer trying to get their employees to stop using cell phones during work. This model is useful in many situations, not just as an educator.
The next video is a conversation with John Keller himself. It is a very long video, but I would advise that you find some time to watch it, some if not all of the video. You can skip to about 7 minutes in order to avoid some small talk between Dr. Keller and Dr. Dodge.
Articles Related to ARCS Model of Motivation
Strategies for Motivating
ARCS Motivation Model
Applying ARCS Model of Motivation
A Shot of Theory
References:
ARCS Model of Motivational Design (Keller). (n.d.). .
Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.learning-theories.com/kellers-arcs-model-of-motivational-design.html
Harasim, L. (2012). Cognitivist Learning Theory. Learning Theory and Online Technologies
(). New York, NY: Routledge.
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